April Ashley

April Ashley MBE (born 29 April 1935) is an English model, actor, and author. She was outed as a transgender woman by the Sunday People newspaper in 1961^[1] and is one of the earliest British people known to have had sex reassignment surgery. Her marriage was annulled in a notable court case known as Corbett v Corbett.

Contents

• 1Early life
• 21950s to 1970s
  • 2.1Gender transition
  • 2.2Modelling career and public outing
• 3Later life
• 4Biographies
• 5Awards and honours
• 6Notes
• 7External links

Early life[edit]

Born in Smithdown Hospital in Liverpool, Ashley was one of six surviving children of a Roman Catholic father Frederick Jamieson and Protestant mother Ada Brown,^[2] who had married two years before.^[3] During her childhood in Liverpool, Ashley suffered from both calcium deficiency, requiring weekly calcium injections at the Alder Hey Children's Hospital, and bed-wetting, resulting in her being given her own box room aged two when the family moved house.^[4]

1950s to 1970s[edit]

Ashley joined the Merchant Navy in 1951 at the age of 16.^[5] Following a suicide attempt, she was given dishonourable discharge^[4] and a second attempt resulted in Ashley being sent to the mental institution in Ormskirk at age 17.^[5]

In her book The First Lady, Ashley tells the story of the rape she endured before transitioning. A roommate raped her, and she was severely injured.^[6]

Gender transition[edit]

After leaving the hospital, Ashley moved to London, at one point claiming to have shared a boarding house with then ship's steward John Prescott, later deputy prime minister of the United Kingdom. Having started cross-dressing, she moved to Paris in the late 1950s, began using the name Toni April, and joined the entertainer Coccinelle in the cast of the drag cabaret at the Caroussel Theatre.^[5][7]

At the age of 25, having saved £3,000, Ashley had a seven-hour-long sex reassignment surgery on 12 May 1960, performed in Casablanca, Morocco, by Georges Burou. All her hair fell out, and she endured significant pain, but the operation was successful.^[5][7]

Modelling career and public outing[edit]

After returning to Britain, Ashley began using the name April Ashley and became a successful fashion model, appearing in Vogue (photographed by David Bailey^[8]) and winning a small role in the film The Road to Hong Kong, which starred Bing Crosby and Bob Hope.^[7][9][10]

A friend sold her story to the media in 1961, and the Sunday People outed Ashley as a trans woman. She became a centre of attention and some scandal, and her film credit was dropped.^[1][10]

In November 1960, Ashley met Hon. Arthur Corbett (later 3rd Baron Rowallan), the Eton-educated son and heir of Lord Rowallan. They wed in 1963, but the marriage quickly ended. Ashley's lawyers wrote to Corbett in 1966 demanding maintenance payments, and in 1967, Corbett responded by filing suit to have the marriage annulled. The annulment was granted in 1970 on the grounds that the court considered Ashley to be male, but Corbett knew about her history when they married.^[5][7][8] This is the case known as Corbett v Corbett.

Later life[edit]

After a heart attack in London, Ashley retired for some years to the Welsh border town of Hay-on-Wye. In her book April Ashley's Odyssey, she stated that Amanda Lear was assigned male at birth and that they had worked together at Le Carousel where Lear had used the drag name Peki d'Oslo.^[4] Ashley was once great friends with Lear,^[11] but according to Ashley's book The First Lady, they had a major falling out and haven't spoken in years.

In the 1980s, Ashley married Jeffrey West on the cruise ship RMS Queen Mary in Long Beach, California.^[12] In 2005, after the passage of the Gender Recognition Act 2004, Ashley was legally recognised as female and issued with a new birth certificate. The then Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom John Prescott, who knew Ashley from the 1950s, helped her with the procedure.^{[citation needed]}

Ashley talked about her life at St George's Hall, Liverpool as part of the city's Homotopia festival on 15 November 2008,^[13] and on 18 February 2009 at the South Bank Centre.^[14]

She lives in Fulham, South West London.^[10]

Biographies[edit]

April Ashley's Odyssey, a biography by Duncan Fallowell, was published in 1982.^[4] In 2006, Ashley released her autobiography The First Lady^[6] and made TV appearances on Channel Five News, This Morning and BBC News. In one interview, she said "This is the real story and contains a lot of things I just couldn't say in 1982", including alleged affairs with Michael Hutchence, Peter O'Toole, Omar Sharif, Turner Prize sculptor Grayson Perry and Íñigo de Arteaga y Martín, the future 19th duke of Infantado, and others. However, the book was pulled from the market after it was discovered that it heavily plagiarized the 1982 book written about Ashley.^[15]

In 2012, Pacific Films and Limey Yank Productions announced a project to create a film about Ashley's life.^[16]

Peter O'Toole did not have an affair with April Ashley. He did know her in Spain while filming, but his wife Sian Phillips was with him at the time. Sian said she had no problem with O'Toole being friendly with Ashley, because she knew it was platonic.^{[17][page needed]}

Awards and honours[edit]

• Ashley was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2012 Birthday Honours for services to transgender equality.^[18][19]
• The exhibition "April Ashley: portrait of a lady" was held at the Museum of Liverpool from 27 September 2013 to 1 March 2015.^[20]
• Ashley was awarded a Lifetime Achievement honour at the European Diversity Awards 2014.^[21]

Maryam Khatoonpour Molkara

Maryam Khatoonpour Molkara (Persian: مریم خاتون ملک‌آرا‎; 1950 – 25 March 2012) was a campaigner for the rights of transgender people in Iran, where she is widely recognized as a matriarch of the transgender community. Designated male at birth, she was later instrumental in obtaining a letter which acted as a fatwa enabling sex reassignment surgery to exist as part of a legal framework. In 1950, Molkara was born, and was the only child of her father's second of eight wives. Her father was a landowner. Molkara says she always preferred clothes, toys, and activities that were traditionally for girls. In her adolescence, Molkara went to parties dressed as a woman. Molkara came out as transgender to her mother, but she refused to accept her. This made Molkara decide to take feminizing hormones instead of immediately seeking out surgery. She also dressed and lived as a woman. In 1975, Molkara traveled to London and learned more about her identity. She states it was there she embraced that she was not gay, but transgender. Molkara started to write letters to Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, then in exile in Iraq, asking for religious advice about being assigned a wrong gender at birth and having to break out of it. In one of these letters, she said that her gender was clear since she was two years old, as she used to apply chalk to her face to imitate putting on makeup. He had already written in 1963 that corrective surgeries for intersex people is not against Islamic law, and his answer was based on this existing idea rather than developing a new fatwa for transgender people. He suggested she live as a woman, which included dressing as one. After this, she met with Farah Pahlavi, who gave her support towards Molkara and other transgender individuals wanting sex reassignment surgery. In 1978, she traveled to Paris, where Khomeini was then based, to try to make him aware about transgender rights. After the Islamic Revolution, Molkara started to face intense backlash due to her identity. She had to go through many questions, arrests, and death threats. She was fired from her job at the Iranian National Radio and Television, forced to stop dressing like a woman, injected with male hormones against her will, and detained in a psychiatric institution. Because of good contacts with religious leaders, among them Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, she was released. At the start of the Iran–Iraq War, Molkara volunteered as a nurse on the front lines. She said that some of the men she treated thought she was a woman due to her gentleness. Molkara continued to campaign for her right to get sex reassignment surgery. In 1985, she confronted Khomeini in his home in North Tehran: She wore a man's suit, carried the Quran, and she tied shoes around her neck. This was a reference to the Ashura festival, and also indicated that she was looking for refuge. Molkara was held back and beaten by security guards until Khomeini's brother, Hassan Pasandide, intervened. He took Molkara into his house, where she emotionally pleaded her case, yelling "I'm a woman, I'm a woman!" His security guards were suspicious about her chest, as they thought she could be carrying explosives. She revealed they were her breasts, as she developed them using hormone therapy. Having heard her story, Ahmad Khomeini was touched and took Molkara to speak to his father, where he asked three of his doctors about the surgery in an attempt to make a well-informed decision. Khomeini then decided that sex reassignment surgery was needed to allow her to carry out her religious duties. This resulted in Khomeini issuing a fatwa, meaning he determined sex reassignment surgery to not be against Islamic law. Molkara lobbied for the according medical knowledge and procedures to be implemented in Iran and worked on helping other transgender people have access to surgeries. She completed her sex assignment surgery in Thailand in 1997, because she was dissatisfied with the quality of the surgery in Iranian hospitals. The Iranian government paid for her surgery, and she was able to help establish government funding for many other transgender individual's surgeries. In 2007, she founded and subsequently ran the Iranian Society to Support Individuals with Gender Identity Disorder (ISIGID, انجمنPersian: حمایت از بیماران مبتلا به اختلالات هویت جنسی ایران‎), the first state-approved organization for transgender rights in Iran. Before this, she was using her own property in Karaj to help other transgender people receive legal advice and medical care, including post-op care. She continued advocating for other transgender people for years, bailing them out after they're arrested, even knowing she will likely face violence for doing so. Molkara died in 2012, after suffering from a heart attack at the age of 62.

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